Classification of Life

(New Classification by Lynn Margulis and Karlene V. Schwartz, 1998)

1. Superkingdom: Prokarya (Prokaryotae)
   1. Kingdom: Bacteria (Prokaryotae, Procaryotae, Monera) - (Precam-R) Subkingdom: Archaea - Methanogens, Halophils, and Thermoacidophils

      Subkingdom: Eubacteria – true bacteria, Gram-negative walls, No walls, Gram-positive walls

      Phylum: Cyanobacteria – Blue-green algae, stromatolites
2. Superkingdom: Eukarya (Eukaryotae)
   1. Kingdom: Protoctista (formerly Protista) - one celled organisms, eukaryotic organisms Phylum: Granuloreticulosa Class: Foraminifera (Cam-R) fusulinids, nummulites, and foraminiferaPhylum: Actinopoda Class: Phaeodaria – (formerly Radiolaria) Class: Polycystina - (formerly Radiolaria) (Cam-R) opaline silica test

      Phylum: Chrysomonada (Chrysophyta) Silicoflagellates (Jur. - R)

      Phylum: Diatoms (Bacillariophora) - Diatoms - silica tests (Cret-R)

      Phylum: Haptomonada (Coccolithophora) - Coccolithophores (E.Jur-R)

      Phylum: Dinomastigota (Dinophyceae) - Dinoflagellates (Sil-R)

      Phylum: Ciliophora - paramecium and other ciliates.

      Phylum: Rhodophyta - Red algae

      Phylum: Phaeophyta - Brown algae - seaweed and kelps

      Phylum: Chlorophyta - Green algae - (Proterozoic? - R)

   2. Kingdom: Animalia - other wise noted these organisms have a calcium carbonate shell Subkingdom: Parazoa Phylum: Porifera - sponges - spongin, calcium carbonate or silicate spicules - radial symmetry, if any. (Cam-R)

      Subkingdom: Eumetazoa

      Phylum: Archaeocyatha - extinct sponge-like, conical cup shaped organisms (Cam.)

      Phylum: Cnidaria - (Coelenterata) - septum, calyx, growth lines, tabulae, corallite, corallum, and radial symmetry.

      Class: Hydrozoa - hydras
      Class: Scyphozoa - jellyfish
      Class: Anthozoa - corals & sea anemones
      Order: Tabulata - honey comb corals (Ord-Perm)
      Order: Rugosa - horn coral (Tetracoral) (Ord-Perm)
      Order: Scleractinia - modern reef coral, (Trias-R)

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      "Superphylum": Lophophorates – they possess a lophophore.
      Phylum: Bryozoa - moss animals (Ord-R) always colonial, zoarium, and aperture.

      Phylum: Brachiopoda (Cam-R) - beak, hinge line, plication, growth line, fold, sulcus, bilateral symmetry, inarticulate or articulate shells, some of phosphatic composition.
      

      Class: Inarticulata - calcium phosphatic shell (E.Cam-R)
      Class: Articulata - teeth and sockets, thick shells (E.Cam-R)

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      Phylum: Mollusca - soft-bodied organism
      Class: Bivalvia - clams, oysters (Pelecypoda) (E.Cam-R), growth line beak, pallial line, pallial sinus, muscle scar, hinge teeth bilateral symmetry parallel with hinge line.
      Class: Gastropoda - snails, conches (E.Cam-R) aperture, and whorl
      Class: Cephalopoda - octopus, squid (Cam-R), nektonic, suture, septa, chamber, planispiral coil
      Subclass: Nautiloidea (nautiloids) (Cam-R)
      Subclass: Ammonoidea (ammonites) (Dev. - Cret.)
      Subclass: Coleoidea (internal shell cephalopods)
      Order: Belemnoidea (belemnites) (E. Miss. - Eocene)
      Order: Sepiida - cuttlefish ( )
      Order: Teuthoidea (squids) (Jur. - R)
      Order: Octopoda - Octopus (Creta. - R)

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      "Superphylum": Arthropoda - jointed-appendages, segmented, bilateral symmetry, chitin (Cam. -R)
      Phylum: Trilobita (Cam-Perm) - axial lobe, pleural lobe, cephalon, thorax, pygidium

      Phylum: Chelicerata (Arachnoidea, Merostomata) - horseshoe crab, spiders, scorpions, eurypterids, ticks & mites (Ord-R)
      

      Class: Merostomata (Ord. - R)
      Order: Eurypterida - eurypterids (M. Ord.-Perm)
      Order: Xiphosura - Horseshoe crabs (Cam-R)
      Class: Arachnida - scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites (Sil-R) Phylum: Crustacea (Cam-R) - ostracods, lobsters, crabs, barnacles
      Class: Cirripedia - barnacles (Sil-R)
      Class: Ostracoda - ostracods (Cam-R)
      Class: Malacostraca - Lobsters, shrimp, crabs
      Order: Decapoda - Shrimp, Lobsters, and crabs, crayfish (Perm. - R)
      Order: Isopoda - Sow Bugs (Trias. - R) Phylum: Mandibulata (Uniramia) (Sil - R)
      Class: Myriapoda
      Order: Chilopoda - centipedes (Carb. - R)
      Order: Diplopoda - millipedes (Sil - R)
      Class: Hexapoda (Insecta) - fly, beetle, butterfly, dragonfly, crickets, grasshoppers, etc (E.Dev. - R)

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      Phylum: Echinodermata - 5-fold radial/bilateral symmetry
      Subphylum: Asterozoa (Eleutherozoa) – lack stem or stalk.
      Class: Asteroidea - starfish (Ord-R) mobile, predacious
      Class: Ophiuroidea – brittle stars
      Class: Echinoidea - sand dollar, sea urchin (Ord-R) ambulacral area, and interambulacral area
      Subphylum: Crinozoa – stemmed or stalked forms
      Class: Crinoidea - sea lilies (Ord-R) attached, stem, calyx, arms, and columnals
      Class: Blastoidea (Ord-Perm) attached, calyx, plate, ambulacral area Phylum: Hemichordata – acorn worms, graptolites
      Class: Graptolithina - graptolites (Camb-Penn) Phylum: Conodontophora (Conodonta) - calcium phosphate, conodonts. (Cam - Late Tria.)

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      "Superphylum": Acraniate Chordates
      Phylum: Urochordata – tunicates, sea squirts

      Phylum: Cephalochordata – amphioxus, lancelets

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      Phylum: Craniata - bilateral symmetry, bone and/or cartilage
      Subphylum: Vertebrata – now only subphylum in Craniata
      Superclass: Agnatha - jawless fish (Cam-R)
      Class: Cyclostomata – lampreys, hagfish
      Class: Ostracoderms – bony skin fish
      Superclass: Gnathostomata – jawed animals
      Class: Acanthodii - primitive jawed, spiny fish (Dev - Perm)
      Class: Placodermi - archaic jawed fish (Sil-Perm)
      Class: Chondrichthyes - shark, skate, ray (Dev-R) cartilaginous fish
      Class: Osteichthyes - bony fish, crossopterygians (Sil-R)
      Class: Choanichthyes – Lungfish,
      

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      "Tetrapods" – four footed gnathostomes
      Class: Amphibia - frogs, salamanders, labyrinthodonta (Dev-R)
      Class: Reptilia - turtle, snake, lizard, and alligator, dinosaur (Penn-R)
      Class: Aves – (feathered reptiles?) birds, Archaeopteryx - (Jur) (Trias-R)
      Class: Mammalia - (Trias-R)
      Subclass: Prototheria - duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater
      Subclass: Theria – marsupials - opossum, placentals - dog, opossum, man, horse
      

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   3. Kingdom: Plantae - plants soft tissue (Precam-R)
      "Superphylum": Bryata – nonvascular plants
      Phylum: Bryophyta - mosses (Dev. - R)

      Phylum: Hepatophyta – liverworts

      "Superphylum": Tracheata – vascular plants
      Phylum: Psilophyta - leafless vascular plant (M. Paleozoic – R.)

      Phylum: Lycophyta - club mosses, Lycopsids (Sil. - R)

      Phylum: Sphenophyta (Arthrophyta) - horsetails and sphenopsids, (Dev. - R)

      Phylum: Filicinophyta (Polypodiophyta, Pterophytes) - true ferns, Pteropsids (Dev. - R)

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      "Phylum-Group": Gymnosperms – naked-seed plants
      Phylum: Lyginopteriodopsida - seed ferns, (Dev. - Jur.)

      Phylum: Cycadophyta - cycads, (Trias. - R)

      Phylum: Ginkgophyta - maidenhair tree, ginkgo (Penn. - R)

      Phylum: Coniferophyta - conifers, (Dev.? - R)

      Phylum: Gnetophyta - (Perm. - R)

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      Phylum: Anthophyta (Magnoliophyta, Angiospermophyta) - flowering plants, angiosperms (Cret.-R)
      Subphylum: Monocotyledones (Liliopsida) - monocotyledonous plants - bananas, cattails, coconut palm, grasses, maize, crocus (Cret. - R)
      Subphylum: Dicotyledones (Magnoliopsida) - dicotyledonous plants - roses, sunflowers, maples, pumpkins, grapes, peas, and other flowering plants (Cret. - R)
   4. Kingdom: Fungi - mushrooms, fungus, soft tissue (? -R)
      Phylum: Zygomycota - Molds

      Phylum: Basidiomycota - Mushrooms, Smuts, Rusts, and Jelly fungi

      Phylum: Ascomycota – Blue-green molds, Yeast, and Lichens